Introduction

In the present work as a study group, we will provide a broad concept of what perception is.
and its role in our daily lives. With this, we aim to expand your knowledge about the
Perception is a quite broad topic and undoubtedly very interesting as well as important. Starting from the fact that
All knowledge of the external and internal environment comes from the decoding and interpretation of the
sensory messages arising from the different sensory receptors distributed throughout the
body. This nervous influence that constitutes what is generally referred to by the name of
Sensations will give birth to perceptions that consist of an awareness of events.
outdoors. This process leads to the subject's understanding of their environment.

So we will say that perception is the ability to receive through all the senses, the
images, impressions or sensations to know something. It can also be defined as a process
through which a person selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli to give it meaning to
Something. Every perception includes the search to obtain and process any information.

In this way, we notice that perception is a capacity that acts at all times and is part of
our daily life in relating to everything that surrounds us.

ObjectiveGeneral

Provide information to the 5th Semester students of Education Sciences

about perception, the importance it has and how it influences us
daily life.

Specific Objectives

Extract information from books, the internet, etc. about perception.

Systematize the information gathered about perception.

Explain the topic of perception and the characteristics that are part of it for a
better knowledge.
 Theoretical Framework

1. Perception

According to Gibson (year), it is a simple process: the information is in the stimulus, without processing.
internal posterior mentals.

According to Neisser (year), perception is an active constructive process in which the perceiver.
process the new information and with the data archived in your consciousness. build a report outline
anticipatory, which allows it to contrast the stimulus and accept or reject it according to whether it fits or not.
proposed by the scheme. It is based on the existence of learning

People receive stimuli from the environment through the five senses: touch, smell, taste, sight, and
ear. At a specific moment, everyone pays selective attention to certain aspects of
half and overlook it in the same way as others.

The selection process of a person includes both internal and external factors, filtering the
sensory perceptions and determining which will receive the most attention. Then, the person organizes the
selected stimuli in meaningful patterns.

The way people interpret what they perceive also varies significantly.
interpretation of a person of the sensory stimuli received will lead to a response, whether
manifest (actions) or covert (motivation, attitudes, and feelings) or both. Each person selects
and organizes sensory stimuli differently and, therefore, comes to interpretations and
diverse responses. The difference in perception helps to explain why people behave in
a different way in the same situation. Often, the same things are perceived divergently and
Behavioral responses depend, in part, on those.

Factors that influence perception

2.1. Internal Factors:

Hilton and Darley (2000) distinguish between:

Diagnostic situations: the fundamental goal of the perceiver is to form an understanding.

global impression as accurate as possible of the perceived person (make a selection of
personal).

Integrated and individualized impressions are made and our judgments will be more accurate.
considering the person in general.

Action situations: The person pursues specific goals that are only
indirectly related to the formation of impressions (asking for the menu in a
restaurant)
In this case, simple impressions are formed and accurate judgments are made about how that person
will act in that situation, but not on how they will do it when the roles change.

Regarding the expectations of the perceivers when perceiving a person, we can distinguish
between:

a) Category-based expectations: stereotypes.

b) Expectations based on stimulus: Reflect the prior knowledge that the perceiver has.
of the perceived person.

- Among those who speak to us, Hilton and Darley tells us that the perceptions that sometimes...
We take, we are, they are, either by simple intuition or because of things we do daily.
without the need to receive any stimulus

Other factors related to the perceiver that influence the formation of impressions.

A. Familiarity:

How important it is for a person to feel 'attractive'

It makes the formed impression much more complex than when the stimulus person is
unknown.

Achieve greater accuracy in perception.

It produces certain perceptual biases such as the 'mere exposure' effect (Zajonc): the repeated
perceptual experience of people stimuli, as long as their value is positive or neutral,
ends up making them more attractive.

B. Value of the stimulus:

The value that the stimulus has for the judges affects their perception, tending to generate a
perceptual accentuation (coins for poor children).

The halo effect indicates that those who are viewed positively in one trait tend to be seen
holders of other positive traits.

C. Emotional meaning of the stimulus:

Emotional value depends on the power of the stimulus to provide us with positive consequences.
or negative.

Perceptual defense: High recognition threshold enjoyed by some stimuli

threatening (the flaws in those we care about often go unnoticed or be
excused).

Perceptive insight: Under the threshold of recognition that stimuli that can enjoy
to satisfy ourselves or to benefit (ignoring the virtues of our enemies).

D. Experience:

People who have more experience with certain types of traits make perceptions more
correct.

The same receiver evokes the information or creates the conditions under which it is generated.
information about the stimulus person (the behavior and characteristics of the perceived person
they are inseparable from the very presence of the perceiver.

The combination in certain situations of the goals that the recipient seeks, and the
interaction with certain expectations can produce the phenomenon known as 'the prophecy that
it fulfills itself": the perceiver performs certain tactics that provoke confirmation.
conduct of their expectations. (Word: black interviewees by white interviewers).

Variables associated with the perceived person

The crucial element that influences is the 'management of the impression': The perceptual stimulus tries
regular and control (consciously or unconsciously) the information presented to the perceiver,
especially regarding oneself.

The management of impression is a consequence of social perception: given that others...

We shape our impressions, trying to influence that impression in the right direction.

Motivations that justify the management of printing

a) Self-aggrandizement: Maintaining or increasing self-esteem and trying to present an image

of oneself close to the ideal Self.

b) Self-consistency: Validate the beliefs we have about ourselves

c) Self-verification: Trying to learn the truth about oneself by obtaining
diagnostic information.

Strategies used in the management of printing. Their use depends on the objective that
let's pursue and of the concrete circumstances.

Other strategies:

To evoke in others the moral duty, integrity, and even guilt ("It doesn’t matter, go ")
that I will finish the work, even if I miss my daughter's birthday." Self-disability:
It consists of increasing the likelihood that a possible future failure will be attributed to
external factors and a possible success to internal factors. Sometimes, people tend to
partnering with the success of others, attributing it to oneself in some way. "Enjoy the reflection of the
the glory of others" (Cialdini). There is also the distancing from the failure of others.

It seems like we give a 'false' image that does not correspond with our true selves.
deep and authentic.

However: We are limited by our own reality and not everything we want
we can achieve it (those who are not intelligent may try to seem so but they will only succeed
sometimes, we, our Self, become what we appear to be,
especially when we receive approval for it.

Some people are more skilled than others at handling pressure. This skill
it can be detected using Snyder's "Self-Observation Scale."

Regardless of this capacity of people, there are situations that favor the
discovery of the Self (presentation in the most transparent way possible Hilton and Darley:
They distinguish between:

Diagnostic situations: the fundamental goal of the perceiver is to form an

global impression as accurate as possible of the perceived person (make a selection of
personal).

Integrated and individualized impressions are made and our judgments will be more accurate.
considering the person in general.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PERCEPTION
 subjective

since relationships to the same stimulus vary from one individual to another.

In response to this visual stimulus, different reactions occur.

The selective condition in perception is a consequence of the subjective nature of the person, which does not
can perceive everything at the same time and selects its perceptual field based on what is desired
perceive.

It's temporary

Since it is a short-term function. The way individuals carry out the process of
Perception evolves as experiences enrich or as needs and motivations vary.
this temporality allows the marketing manager to change the consumer's perception of the
product through the variation of any of the elements of the marketing mix.

Types of perception

Perceptions of Distance

The perception of distance is important in three types of situations:

· The Egocentric distance refers to the distance of an object from the observer. When calculating how far
far away from the finish line in a race, is judging the distance egocentrically.
refers to the egocentric word because it means 'centered on oneself')

· Relative distance refers to how far apart two objects are from each other.

· Finally, the perception of depth allows you to perceive objects three-dimensionally; the objects have
depth or thickness in addition to height and width. Thus, some parts of an object are further away than
others.

Size Perceptions

We perceive the world effortlessly, and for this reason, one must think that perception is a
very simple process. However, as we become more analytical of our experience,
we found that the processes underlying our perceptual abilities are extremely
complex. For example, we look at a bird and see another one that is nearby, usually we are not aware.
of all the involuntary operations in calculating such distances.
 Perception of Shapes and Patterns

We can consider the shape as an area that stands out from the rest of what we are seeing due to
that has a continuous edge or edges. In the approaches to shape perception that emphasize the
importance of stimuli, it is said that they emphasize information-driven processing.

· The information-driven process relies on the arrival of information from sensory receptors.
Information activates the process of recognition in various ways.

· The concept-driven process is a different approach to perception, emphasizing the importance of the
concepts of the observer in the perception of form, thus the observer has expectations and concepts
about how the world is organized. These expectations and concepts promote the process of
recognition of various forms.

Perception of Pitch Height and Related Phenomena

The frequency of sound is the main determinant of our perceptual experience of pitch.
Generally, high-frequency sounds have a high pitch and low-frequency sounds
they have a low tone. Because of this, we can learn about our perception of height
tonal analyzing the way frequency information is encoded in the inner ear.

Perception of volume

It is said that a direct physiological interpretation of the volume is not very feasible because it is not
know the neuronal coding for intensity.

Extrasensory perception

Extrasensory perception is the supposed ability to perceive events in ways that cannot
explain oneself with the known sensory capabilities.

Parapsychology

· Clairvoyance: the ability to perceive events or obtain information in ways that do not seem
affected by distance or normal physical barriers.

· Telepathy: extrasensory perception of another person's thoughts or, to define it more clearly
simple, the supposed ability to read someone's mind.

· Precognition: to perceive or predict future events accurately, can take the form of dreams.
prophetic that predict futures.

Psychokinesis: exerting will influence over inanimate objects

THE PERCEPTIVE RESPONSE

Response is understood as any reaction or behavior that an organism executes as a consequence of

a stimulus, observable in principle by subjects other than the one executing it. The so-called responses
 Implicit reactions are generally conceived as mediational reactions of the organism. For example,
laryngeal movements or muscle contractions. Behavioral psychology is also beginning to admit that
Experiences are part of the hidden answers.

The perceptual act culminates in a cognitive experience without which our behavior is unviable.
She gives an internal or mental response to reality.

The human being responds to stimuli in a mechanical way. For example, it is given
in the case when a student hears the bell whether for leaving or entering, this
the student knows that they must enter or leave, but this does not their

THE CHARACTERS OF PERCEPTUAL RESPONSE

Two concepts will help us address this problem: one of a synchronic type (figural organization of
the perception) and another of diachronic orientation (processual aspect of perceiving). The dimension
The significance of perception will serve as the third coordinate for this initial descriptive work.

· The configuration rejects the hypothesis of constancy and abandons the genetic thesis according to which
perceptions are produced by combinations or mixtures of sensations that eventually lead to the origin of the
apperception. What is manifested in perceptual experience are organized phenomenal pluralities.
figuratively, where some objects stand out from the rest of the experiential field.

The perceptual configuration cannot be made up of parts conceived as autonomous elements.

endowed with constant attributes, that is, perception is not a compound of sensations.

· The stream of consciousness. In his famous passage about the 'stream of consciousness', William James
describe the dynamic character of our experience: 'The proposition that within every consciousness
personal thought feels continuous, it means two things:

What when there is an interruption, the consciousness feels after it as being the same as before,
as if being part of the same me.

that changes from one moment to another in the quality of consciousness are never absolute
abrupt...

Consciousness does not seem to be divided into fragments.

· Perception and meaning. The Belgian psychologist A. Michotte understood that the grasp of the meaning of
perceived should not be considered as a simple addition to the form, as juxtaposition, as the
appearance of something that comes to add to the figure, but rather as an essential aspect of it.

Perception is limited by very strict spacetime coordinates, which precisely

imagination and thought are responsible for transcending. The significant dimension of the
perception of the learning processes or their functional integration with intellectual levels
of the perceiving subject. Perceptual experience is a form of sensitive intuition of physical reality.
 PERCEPTUAL MODALITIES

The idea of dividing perceptual activity according to the sensory modalities that serve it seems
reasonable. The specific problems of perception differ in degree from those of smell, and these from the
auditory. The informational versatility that the senses display as organs of perception, etc.
They lead one to think that the concept of modality is more suitable for the senses than for perception.

The same object can be perceived through different modalities. Our perception of things is to
multisensory, even when we apparently perceive it unimodally, for example, through sight. No
whenever we perceive a rose we have it in our hand and breathe in its fragrance, but the repetition of
experiences of this kind cause visual stimuli to be associated with tactile and olfactory ones
and evoke them connotatively.

It was Ehrenfels who warned that a melody continues to be perceived even when its execution has changed.
all the sensitive elements; the notes, the timbre, and the intensity of them can vary by
complete, but the melody remains the same. What remains after having changed the
sensory aspects is the form. Also in the perception of chance one finds oneself before
perceptual phenomena that transcend modal approaches. The perception of causality is
amodal, like all those for which there is no specific stimulation for their content
suitable.

THE PERCEPTION OF PHYSICAL REALITY

We do not feel sensations that we later integrate into precepts, but we perceive them directly.
real objects and processes. This stance is easier to maintain when it comes to perceptions that
they have as their term pure physical reality, that when the perceived objects and processes are of
social nature. In the first case, the figurative integration seems to occur in an indigenous way in
the vision.

Phenomena such as perceptual constancy also suggest the existence of an integration

temporal. The learning processes that take place in the field of social perception make more
debatable the guestalist position regarding that significant integration that confers variety of
interpretations of the same figurative unit, especially in the realm of social perception. Problems of
the perception of physical reality:

· The perception of objects is explained by the laws of perception. Objects are figures, and the
The laws of stimulus grouping also govern those processes. The laws of contour formation.
they also help to understand why abrupt changes in luminance or color mark the boundaries of
the objects, which the determinants of perception accentuate even more. The information coming from
various senses, especially touch, perfects the impression of objectness that we refer to.
the use of things shapes their perception as objects endowed with a consistency independent of the
stimulus variations.
· The perception of size, depth, and space. Objects primarily have a shape,
but they also occupy a position in space. The main factor of size perception is the
the same dimension of the retinal image. Retinal images of various sizes can be perceived as
objects of equal size or very similar size; it is the phenomenon of perceptual constancy. On the other hand,
retinal images of the same size may be perceived as if they represent objects of very different dimensions
different; it is what happens when due to poor visibility conditions we assume that a
The nearby object is located farther away than it actually is.

In turn, the perception of the space in which the objects are situated is given to us by a single
sensory modality; certainly, in the perception of distances and positions, vision plays a
featured function. Both things are appreciated through touch, hearing, and sensations of balance. The
perception of space is not solely due to local differences in retinal stimulation; it also involves
in play relational aspects, which range from the existence of a visual frame of reference to the
appreciation of one's own bodily verticality through the sense of balance.

The reference system in which our perception of space is configured is not merely two-dimensional. In
our perception of depth seems to occur through direct visual means, but in reality
It is carried out through indirect clues, acquired and not always visual. We will mention the
following:

1.-Muscle signals.

2.- Retinal disparity, that is, the images of the same object are projected differently in
each of the retinas.

3.-Other signals. Touch, noises, temperature perception, etc.

· The perception of time. Time constitutes a kind of general reference framework of our
perceptual knowledge. Time is presented as the experience of becoming that makes the present a
ungraspable transition between the before and the after. The limits of temporal experience are rather
short, and its primary unit is difficult to establish. The duration of the period of time that can
To consider oneself as present is about 5 or 6 seconds. Highlights:

1.- We must distinguish a kind of units of duration of lived time, conceptable as "
"now" and delimited by thresholds of temporal discontinuity that separate the present from its past and
after.

It is known that with age time passes more quickly, and the same happens when the experiences that it
Filling is interesting. Perceived time passes faster than measured by the clock.

· Other aspects of perception.

There are other aspects such as color perception, perceptual illusions, apparent motion,
etc.
 THE PERCEPTION OF SOCIAL REALITY

The human being culturally perceives the physical, while social reality manifests itself to them through
physical significants.

· Social motivation and perception.

The works of Bruner and Goodman are well known, in which they aimed to demonstrate that, under equal conditions
real size, higher value coins appear larger than lower value ones. The most interesting thing was
that poor children were the ones who most intensely experienced the effect of magnification
the perception of coins. Personal motives influence the way each person perceives the
reality.

· Perceptual learning. The development of perceptual activity is not supported solely by a process
of biological maturation. The necessary contribution of experience to development has been confirmed.
perception.

The work of Stratton and Kohler has contributed to highlighting the acquired nature of some
from our most natural perceptual evidence. Everything we normally see with things in their
site; we do not see people upside down, nor the roofs at our feet, despite the fact that the images of
Objects are projected upside down on our retinas. However, a simple pair of prismatic glasses.
they can make the images project upright and, paradoxically, then we see
the world upside down. What happens is that such an investment is not permanent. The subjects provided daily
and night of these glasses end up perceiving things in their place again. The experiences of deprivation
sensorial have contributed to demonstrating this thesis in a negative way.

· Perception and thinking. Perceptual experiences with reversible figures have served to
demonstrate that the same figure can be perceived alternatively in various ways. In
demonstrations have shown that when projecting the image of 'the mother-in-law or the daughter-in-law' some of
students who first perceive the option of the mother-in-law are unable to perceive the figure
from the young woman, unless they are helped with a pointer to detect the key contours.

The works on subjective probability confirm the idea that one tends to see what one wants to see or what
are you ready to see.

Perception takes different forms depending on the type of subject that provides the information. The
Perception is not an intellectual process, but it is intellectualized when the perceiving subject is a being.
human

Other characteristics of perception:

The process of perception, as proposed by Hermann von Helmholtz, is of a character
inferential and constructive, generating an internal representation of what happens in the
external to the hypothesis mode. For this, the information that arrives at the receivers is used.
and it is analyzed gradually, just like information that comes from memory
both empirical and genetic and which helps in the interpretation and formation of the
representation.

This is a virtual model of reality that uses the information stored in the
energies, internal procedures to decode them and information coming from the
memory that helps to finish and complete the decoding and interprets the meaning
from what has been recovered, giving meaning, sense and value. This allows the generation of
model.

Through perception, the information gathered by all the senses is processed, and
the idea of a single object is formed. It is possible to feel different qualities of the same
object, and through perception, unite them, determine what object they come from, and
determine in turn that this is a unique object.

For example, we can see a pot on the stove. We perceive the object, its location.
and its relationship with other objects. We recognize it for what it is and evaluate its
utility, its beauty, and its level of safety. We can hear the tinkling of the lid when it is
lifted rhythmically by the steam that forms when boiling begins
content. We smell the stew that is cooking and we recognize it. If we touch it with
with the hand we perceive the pain of the burn (something that generates a reflex that makes us
take your hand away), but also the heat and hardness of the object. We know where
we are regarding the object and the relationship that each part of it has with it.
In a few words, we are aware of the situation.

So, as mentioned before, perception retrieves objects, situations and

processes based on the information provided by the energies (stimuli) that impact
about the senses.

To clarify this, let's look at the case of vision. This system responds to light.
the one reflected by the surface of objects. The lenses of the eye make it so that, from each point
from the visible surfaces, this becomes concentrated again at a point in the retina. From this
each visual receptor receives information from each point on the surface of the
objects. This forms an image, which implies that this process is organized
especially, because the image is a two-dimensional projection of the world
three-dimensional. However, each receptor is responding individually, without
relationship with others. That relationship will be recovered later, determining the
contours and surfaces in their three-dimensional configuration will be assigned colors and
texture and we will perceive invisible contours. Objects will be structured and these will be
organized in relation to one another. The objects will be recognized and identified.
This process will occur with the constant interaction between what comes from the receptors,
the innate rules in the nervous system to interpret it and the contents in the
memory that allows to relate, recognize, make sense, and generate cognition of
object and its circumstances. That is to say, the most probable model is generated, with all its
implications for the recipient.
Conclusions

Our conclusion on the topic is based on the perception as an active process.

allows us to receive stimuli through our senses to characterize
differentiate feeling all those reactions that present themselves to us.