CHAPTER (1): DIGITAL

DEVICES
MAINFRAME COMPUTER
• A large powerful computer :
• That can do a lot of complicated jobs quickly.
• Can be used by a lot of people at the same time.
• Used by a large organization for complex processing tasks such as statistical analysis and
bulk data processing.
MICROPROCESSOR
• The device that controls what a computer does;
• It takes data as input, does something with it and provides output.
• Used to control washing machines, televisions and household appliances;
• Example of devices you will consider include personal computer, digital camera and home
entertainment systems.
ACTIVITY 1
• Research the difference between a mainframe computer, a server and a super computer.
• Create a list of digital devices in your home that use microprocessors.
PERSONAL COMPUTER
• Desktop
• Laptop
DESKTOPS
• Desktops have more space for components than laptops.
• Provide an upgrade or additional components.
• Needs to have a peripheral devices such as
• Monitor
• Printer
• Keyboard
• Some desktops are all in one.
LAPTOPS
• Laptops include a keyboard, a screen, a track pad and a rechargeable battery.
• Portable device.
SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS
• Single board computers (SBCs) are affordable computers used in education, embedded
computing projects and physical computing.
• Raspberry Pi Zero is an example of an SBC.
• The unit costs very little and uses a cheap micro SD card as its storage.
SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS
• Embedded Computing that is fixed into position and carries out a specific task.
• Physical computing interactive systems that can sense and respond to the world around
them.
MOBILE PHONES
• Mobile phones use a SIM card to connect a mobile phone network.
• SIM : Subscriber Identity Module.
• SIM card is used to identify user to a mobile phone network.
• Some phones have an emergency button that is linked to a list of emergency contacts.
• When this button is pressed, the phone will call each person on the list until someone
answers.
ACTIVITY 2
• Discuss which groups of people could need a phone with an emergency button. How would
this phone meets their needs?
ACCESSIBILITY
• Accessibility is a measure of how easy something is to use, especially by people with
disabilities.
• Example : Alto 2 ‘talking phone’ for blind and partially sighted people.
• Alto 2 phone reads names of contacts and text messages aloud to its users.
• Some mobile phones use tactile keypads, which are more responsive than other keypads
and give their users a choice of on screen text size and colors.
SMARTPHONES
• Smartphones are small computers with Wi-Fi.
• Allows to make smartphone calls and access the internet.
• Includes cameras, media players, hand-held game console.
• Applications (apps) can be downloaded which allows users to customize their smartphones
with entertainment, educational and business features.
• Use a touch screen to allow users to input information.
• Virtual keyboard is used to enter text, number and other characters.
• Smartphones use more power than other types of mobile phones.
• A short battery life and needs to be charged regularly.
TABLETS
• Tablet devices or tablets are bigger than smartphones.
• A tablet device has touch screen, apps and Wi-Fi connectivity to provide access to the
internet.
• Some table devices have SIM card slots to allow internet connectivity,
CAMERAS AND CAMCORDERS
• They use light sensors to capture images formed by light passing through the device’s lens.
• They are used to capture both still and moving images.
• The quality of the image captured by the camera depends on the quality of the lens, image
processor and the resolution of the sensor.
PIXELS AND RESOLUTION
• Digital images are made up of small dots called pixels.
• The number of pixels used by a screen to display an image called resolution.

Resolution (number of pixels) Maximum display size of the image (in

pixels, width x height) before pixilation
occurs
1.3 megapixel (1.3 million pixels) 1280 x 960
2 megapixel 1600 x 1200
3 megapixel 2048 x 1536
4 megapixel 2272 x 1704
8 megapixel and above 2560 x 1920
PIXELATED
• An effect that creates an unclear image consisting of large individual pixels that are visible
to the human eye.
HOME ENTERTAINMENT SYSTEMS
• Televisions

• Sound systems

• Personal video recorders

• Blu-ray and DVD players

TELEVISIONS
• Televisions display a still moving images on a screen.
• The quality of the image is set by the number of pixels that are use to display the image.
This is referred to as the screen resolution.
• High definition (HD) television screen contains
• A large number of pixels.
• A higher resolution than standard definition televisions.
TELEVISIONS
• The resolution is stated as horizontal pixels x vertical pixels.
• Television manufacturers specify the number of vertical pixels.
• For example, a resolution of
• 1280 x 720 is stated as 720p
• 1920 x 1080 is stated as 1080p
• Ultra high definition (UHD) TV screens are referred to as 4k or 8k:
• a horizontal resolution of approximately 4000 or 8000 pixels.
• Smart televisions use apps and can download and stream content from the internet.
SOUND SYSTEMS
• Sound systems can produce loud, rich sound using high quality speakers and amplifiers.
• To play music, sound system connects to
• Personal devices (smartphones, media players and tablet) using Bluetooth or USB.
• A local network and internet via Wi-Fi.
PERSONAL VIDEO RECORDERS (PVR)
• PVR is a device that records broadcasted content, it can be watched at a later date.
• Satellite television devices contain both a set-top box (STB) and a PVR.
• Set-top box is a device that sends video and audio received from a broadcaster to a
television.
BLU-RAY AND DVD PLAYERS
• Blu-ray and DVD players connect to televisions in order to play films.
• Films and content are stored on DVD or Blu-ray disks.
• Blu-ray players play DVD disks, but DVD players will not play Blu-ray disks.
• Blu-ray disks can store HD movies.
• 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray players can play 4K content on 4K televisions.
GAME CONSOLES
• It enables users to play video games on a television screen.
• Wireless controllers control the characters, vehicles and objects in the game.
• Motion sensors allow the player to control the game with gestures and body movements.
• Virtual reality controllers and headsets are used to immerse the player in a realistic gaming
experience.
GAME CONSOLES
• Handheld game consoles provide mobile gaming.
• They have a built-in screen and less storage than a full-sized console.
• The games can be played with
• Reduced image and sound quality
• Reduced game complexity and
• Limited storylines.
MEDIA PLAYER
• Media players provide video and audio content to a television.
• This content could be streamed directly from the internet or accessed from networked or
local storage.
• Network attached storage (NAS) devices often have media streaming capabilities built-in.
• Some media players offer output in 4K.
PERSONAL MEDIA PLAYER
• Personal media players are compact, portable to hold media files for playback.
• They need to function while on the move.
• They use solid state flash memory storage.
ACTIVITY
• Research which smartphone features use the most power?
• Make a list of activities for which a standard smartphone would be more suitable than a
smartphone.
• Research the accessibility features of a mobile phone and smartphones. Make a list of the
features mentioned.
NAVIGATION AIDS (SAT-NAV)
• It can calculate the best route between two or more locations.
• It can provide updates to the route if it is not followed accurately.
• They are commonly used in cars, delivery vans and ships.
• They provide visual prompts and alerts to help drivers take the correct route.
NAVIGATION AIDS (SAT-NAV)
• It uses information from GPS satellites to determine the exact location of the device on
Earth.
• It uses orientation sensors to know which way the device is currently pointing
• The device will display the user’s position and orientation on a map.
• Maps are either stored permanently on the device or downloaded from the internet when
they are needed.
• GPS does not need internet connectivity in order to work.
• Navigation aids need internet connectivity in order to update map data.
• Smartphones are now replacing specialist in-car navigation aids.
HOME AUTOMATION DEVICES AND SMART
ASSISTANTS
• One type of emerging technology is a group of devices that can be used to create smart
homes.
• Home automation devices can connect a range of digital devices which sense and control
functions in the home, such as temperature and lighting.
• These functions can be controlled from apps on smartphones or the Internet.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL DEVICE
• Multifunctional device is a device that can perform a range of different functions.
• For example: Smartphone
• Its primary function is to make phone calls
• It also uses to take photo, to function as a navigation aid, fitness tracker, music player or handheld
games console, etc.
• It is classed as a multifunctional device
CONVERGENCE
• When the designs of devices change so that they become similar to one another.
• Convergence blurs the distinction between different types of device.
CONVERGENCE
• Some laptops now have touch screens that can flip 360 degrees, allowing them to operate as
tablet devices.
• Some tablet devices come with attachable keyboard, allowing them to operate as laptop.
FEATURES OF DIGITAL DEVICES
• Portability
• Performance
• Storage
• User Interface
• Connectivity
• Media Support
• Energy Consumption
• Expansion Capability
• Security Features
SERVER AND STORAGE
• Server
• Processor
• Memory
• Networking
• HDD/SSD
• Storage
• Processor/Memory/Network
• HDD
• SSD
PORTABILITY
• It needs to be easy to carry and move around.
• Portability of a device is directly related to its size and weight.
PERFORMANCE
• High-performance device performs its job or tasks quickly.
• The speed at which a device performs is determined by the speed at which it can carry out
instructions from its software.
• Software instructions are carried out by the processor which means that a faster processor
will increase performance.
STORAGE
• Files and programs are stored in storage.
• More available storage allows users to store more files and programs.
• Storage speed also effects performance.
USER INTERFACE
• The system that allows a user to interact with a device.
• Command Line Interface (CLI)
• Menu-driven Interface
• Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• Voice Interface
• Gesture Interface
USER INTERFACE
Command Line Interface
• Users enter text instructions and the computer system provides results as text
• Commands have to be typed precisely
• CLI only recognizes certain commands
• The commands can be typed directly into the system
• CLI requires little memory
USER INTERFACE
Menu-driven Interface
• It displays a list of options as a menu.
• Selecting one of these options will trigger a command or to choose another option from
menu.
• Menu-driven interfaces are easier to use than CLI.
• It can take more time as you have to go the menu structure each time.
• Example: ATM, Television
USER INTERFACE
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• It is controlled by a pointer on the screen and uses a screen made up of windows, icons and
menus.
• GUI is the easiest type of the interface to use, but it takes up more memory and storage than
a command line or menu-driven interface.
USER INTERFACE
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• Windows are areas of the screen that are dedicated to applications
• Icons are small images that represent an application.
• Menus provide options to open application.
USER INTERFACE
Voice Interface
• It allows user to give spoken commands to a device.
• The device has voice recogonition software which matches the spoken words against a
library of words to find a match.
• Some voice interface devices can control home entertainment systems, appliances, and
systems such as lighting and heating.
USER INTERFACE
Voice Interface
• Disadvantages
• Sometimes the software can not find a match, which produces unwanted results.
• Advantages
• Hands-free operations is possible
• They are often used in vehicles in order to improve road safety.
USER INTERFACE
Gesture Interface
• It allows the user to control the device by swiping their fingers across the screen or by
pinching their fingers together to zoom in or out.
• It is found on devices with touch screens.
CONNECTIVITY
• Devices can share data by connecting to each other using wired or wireless connectivity.
• Different connectivity types provide different speeds of data transfer.
• Wired connectivity is faster and more reliable than wireless.
MEDIA SUPPORT
• Different devices can read data from and write data to different types of media.
• Example:
• SD card, microSD flash memory card, DVD, etc.
• Adapter is required to connect an external drive
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
• Digital devices require electricity to work.
• Lower energy consumption is a longer battery life.
EXPANSION CAPABILITY
• Some PC allows users to install additional components.
• Some smart phone and tablet deives have expension slots.
• Systems can be expanded using ports such as USB ports.
• These allows the user to connect extra devices called peripheral devices.
SECURITY FEATURES
• Software Security
• Physical Security
SECURITY FEATURES: SOFTWARE
SECURITY
• To prevent unauthorized access to data, the digital devices have software security features.
• When the device is turned on, the user must enter a password or PIN
• If the device has not been used for a specified period of time, the security setting locks the
device’s screen.
• If incorrect password is entered, the user must wait a set amount of time.
• System may even wipe the data after only a few failed attempts.
SECURITY FEATURES: SOFTWARE
SECURITY
• Pattern PINs are used by smartphone operting systems.
• Four-digit PIN has 10,000 possible combinations.
• Four-digit pattern PIN has 389,112 possible combinations.
• Four-digit pattern PIN is more secure than four-digit PIN.
• Some devices use biometric scanners
 SECURITY FEATURES: PHYSICAL
SECURITY
• Many devices use security slots which can have locks attached to secure them to furniture.
TYPES OF PERIPHERAL DEVICES
• Peripheral devices are devices that can be connected to a computer, such as a PC or tablet
device.
• Peripheral can be connected insider or outside a computer.
• Input
• Output
• Secondary Storage
INPUT
• Input peripherals are devices that send data to the computer.
• They allow the user to control the computer or store data captured from sources outside the
system.
• Keyboards
• Pointing Devices
KEYBOARDS
• Keyboards use buttons known as keys
• Users press to input text or to interact with software.
• Keyboards send data to the computer either using a wired or wireless connection.
KEYBOARDS
• Combinations of key presses allow the user to access common software commands called
shortcuts.
• Example of a keyboard used with specialist video software; the keys are mapped to
specialist commands
POINTING DEVICES
• A pointer is used on a screen to select displayed objects
• Mouse
• Tracker ball
• Track pad
• Joystick
• Graphics tablet
• Scanner (OCR and OMR)
• Barcode Scanner
MOUSE
• A mouse uses an optical sensor to recognise the movement of the device.
• Some mice use roller balls to control the movement of the pointer
TRACKER BALL
• A tracker ball is rolled to move the pointer.
• It does not have buttons to press.
• Tracker balls are often used in installation like the kiosk.
TRACK PAD
• The track pad surface senses finger movements, touches, and presses.
• Track pad are built into laptop computers.
JOYSTICK
• Joysticks are commonly used on games controllers to move sprites around
• the game
GRAPHICS TABLET
• A graphics tablet is a flat pad that is used with a stylus.
• Users use it to draw or write on the graphics tablet.
• These devices are used by digital artists and designers.
SCANNER (OCR AND OMR)
• Scanner use light sensors to record physical documents as images, which are then saved as
files to the computer.
• Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
• Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
SCANNER (OCR AND OMR)
• Software allows scanners to read characters on the document and store the result in a text
file. This is known as Optical Character Recognition (OCR).
• Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) software can be used with scanner to detect simple marks
on a document. OMR is used for recording responses to multiple choice tests.
BARCODE SCANNER
• A barcode is a pattern of lines and gaps that can be read by barcode scanners.
• Barcode scanner detect the width of lines and gaps in a barcode.
• Barcodes are used on parcels, so they can be tracked and on items for sales in shop.
• Barcode represents letters and numbers which are used to identify the item.
• Two types of barcode
• Liner
• matrix
LINER BARCODE
• Liner barcode used to identify a parcel
MATRIX CODES
• Matrix codes are also known as QR codes.
• Advantages over liner barcodes
• They can hold much more information than liner barcodes
• They can be scanned from any angle
WEBCAM
• Webcam are specialized cameras.
• They are generally lower quality than camcorders.
• Webcam may have built-in microphones to capture sound.
• They can be used as security cameras and can stream images or video to the internet.
MICROPHONE
• Microphone is used to capture sound.
• It uses a diaphragm which moves when air hits it.
• This movement produces an analogue electrical signal
• A microphone converts the electrical signal to a digital signal with its sound card, which acts
as an analogue-to-digital converter.
MICROPHONE
• A microphone can be plugged into a port on the sound card.
• A headset contains a microphone and headphone speakers.
TOUCH SCREEN : RESISTIVE TOUCH SCREEN
• The pressure causes two layers underneath the screen to touch and make a connection.
• Resistive touch screen is more durable than capacitive touch screen.
• They are harder to read because more layers reflect more light.
• They can only recognize one touch at a time.
• They are not suitable for multi-touch applications.
TOUCH SCREEN : CAPACITIVE TOUCH SCREEN

• Under the glass of a capacitive touch screen, there is a layer of capacitive material.
• When a user touches the screen, a small amount of charge flows away from their finger
because humans are conductive.
• This allows the computer to calculate the precise location.
• Capacitive touch screens are used in smartphones.
BIOMETRIC SCANNER
• Facial recognition
• Voice recognition
• Iris recognition
• Fingerprint recognition
FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION
• These scanners read patterns of arches, loops and whorls in human fingerprint.
• Fingerprints are unique to each individual person, which makes them a useful method of
identification.
• Fingerprints can be obscured, damaged of changed by injury or disease.
FACIAL RECOGNITION
• These scanners identify the structure of a human face in order to identify.
VOICE RECOGNITION
• These scanner require a microphone to capture the voice.
• They compare a voice print against a saved original to check to see whether the two prints
match.
IRIS RECOGNITION
• The human iris has a unique print.
• Though an iris scan is approximately 120 times more detailed than a fingerprint.
• Some passports now contain a chip that holds biometric data about the passport holder that
is compare with the results of the biometric scans carried out at airports.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING
BIOMETRIC SCANNERS
• Advantages
• Easier for users than password because biometric data cannot be forgotten.
• More difficult to trick or confuse biometric scanners than some methods.
• Can speed up transactions.
• Not restricted by language barriers.
• Disadvantages
• Cause privacy and security concerns because detailed personal information is stored
electronically.
• Possible to trick or confuse them.
• Expensive to make and buy.
• Make some people feel uncomfortable.
CARD READERS
• Card readers are used to read data stored on a card that is carried by a user.
• The data can be used to unlock doors, access secure areas, make payments or track people,
parcels and even pet animals.
• Cards can carry data using three methods
• Magnetic strip
• Programmable chip
• Radio Frequency identification (RFID) and Near Field Communication (NFC).
MAGNETIC STRIP
• This is the least secure method.
• The data on a magnetic strip can be easily stolen by criminals who put the card through a
card reader without the card owner’s knowledge.
PROGRAMMABLE CHIP
• Data on a programmable chip is only readable when a PIN(Personal Information Number) is
entered into the reader.
RFID AND NFC
• Radio Frequency Identifier (RFID) is a short-range wireless communication method.
• Near Field Communication (NFC) is a branch of RFID.
• RFID tags are small and cheap.
• They can be included in a variety of objects such as cards, keys, fobs and smartphones.
• They contain a unique identification number (ID) that is linked to records in a database.
SENSORS
• Sensors are used to input data about the physical environment.
• They can automatically input data without the need for human action.
• Their output is then processed by a computer.
• Sensors are one of the main features of smart devices such as smartphones and smart
environments such as smart homes.
TYPES OF SENSORS
• Light
• Humidity
• Temperature
• Proximity and distance
• Motion and movement (such as Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors)
• Pressure
BENEFITS OF USING SENSORS
• They can be placed in remote or dangerous places.
• They can monitor continually.
• They remove the possibility of human error.
• They can sense things that humans cannot (such as small changes in pressure or gas levels).
• The data is easily (sometimes automatically) converted to a digital form.
EXAMPLE
• Sensors are used in aircraft and data from them are displayed to the crew on information
cockpit.
OUTPUT PERIPHERAL DEVICES
• Output peripherals are connect to a computer and output the results of the computer’s
processing in various forms, including:
• Electronic Display
• Printed text
• Video
• Audio
• Tactile (touch) forms
MONITOR
• Monitors allow users to see the output from the computer on an electronic display.
• Features of monitors include:
• Screen size, which is measured diagonally.
• Resolution which is measured in pixels.
• Energy efficiency measures.
• Some monitors also use touch screen technology.
TYPE OF PRINTER
• Dot matrix
• Inkjet
• Laser
DOT MATRIX PRINTER
• These printers are sometimes called ‘impact’ printers.
• The print is made by hitting or impacting the paper through a ribbon of ink.
• This process is very noisy.
• The paper often has a number of carbon cop layers so it can make several copies of the same
document.
INKJET PRINTER
• These printers are cartridges containing different colored ink.
• Black ink is held in one cartridge.
• The color cartridge is split into three colors, cyan, magenta and yellow.
• Tiny dots of these inks are sprayed onto paper to form images or text.
LASER PRINTER
• These printers contain a rotating cylinder or drum that holds an electrical charge.
• A laser is used to discharge certain points on the drum and draw an image.
• Electrically charged toner is attracted to those points on the drum and is heated onto paper
that is passed over the drum.
 COMPARISON
Speed Printer Cost Colour Printing Quality Where it is used
Dot Matrix Slowest Cheap Rare Low When multiple
copies are
required
Inkjet Fast Medium Yes High Home printing
and photographs
Laser Fastest Expensive Yes Highest High volume
printing , often
used in offices
3D PRINTER
• Three-dimensional (3D) printers create real life versions of digital models,
• These printers work by adding layers of heated material from the bottom of the model all the
way to the top.
• 3D-printed models take a long time to create.
• Examples:
• Aeroplane parts
• Artificial limbs
• Prototype models of cars
• Food such as pasta and chocolate
PLOTTER
• Plotters are used by product designers, architects, engineers and cartographers.
• The plotter draws high-quality images created in Computer Aided Design (CAD) software
onto a large sheet of paper.
• By moving a pen across the paper to draw the lines.
DATA PROJECTOR
• Data projectors are used for
• Home entertainment, such as watching television or playing games.
• Giving presentations in classrooms.
• Business meetings.
FEATURES OF A PROJECTOR
• Light bulbs: these light bulbs can have various brightness levels and are expensive to
replace.
• Resolution: They use different quality.
• Zoom functionality: The projected image can be made larger by enlarging the image using
optical zoom or digital zoom.
• Portability: These are easier to move around.
SPEAKER
• Speakers allow a computer to output sound.
• Speakers often come in pairs to provide stereo sound.
• A special amplifier that can deliver different levels of sound to each speaker to provide
spatial awareness.
CONTROL DEVICE
• Control devices are also known as actuators.
• They are components of a system that make something happen in the real physical world.
• These devices are mechanical.
• Examples
• Valves
• Pistons
• Heaters
• Coolers
• Motors
ROBOTS AND NANOROBOTS
• Robots use actuators that are powered in many ways such as electricity, chemicals and
compressed air.
• Nanorobots are made up of tiny sensors and actuators that are capable of assisting a surgeon
by carrying out very precise medical procedures
SECONDARY STORAGE
• Secondary storage is often referred to as ‘storage’.
• Primary storage or main memory is referred to as
• Random Access Memory (RAM) or
• Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Secondary storage is non-volatile, which means it will not lose data when the system’s
power is turned off.
• Secondary storage is used for:
• storing a document for future
• storing an application
• virtual memory (to store instructions and programs)
STORAGE DEVICES
• Storage devices can be either internal or external.
• Internal drives connect directly to the computer’s motherboard.
• External devices are connected to the computer’s motherboard through the different ports
and adapters.
TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICE
• Hard disk drives (HDD)
• Solid state drives (SSD, often referred to as flash drives)
• Optical disk drives (CD/DVD)
STORAGE MEDIA
• Hard disks
• Optical media (CD, DVD, Blu-ray)
• Flash media
• Magnetic tape
HARD DISKS
• HDD are made up of many concentric platters.
• These platters make up a cylinder that spins on a central spindle.
• A read/write head moves on an arm across tracks on the platter.
OPTICAL MEDIA
• CD
• Can store up to 700 MB of data
• Data is written to disk using laser
• Writes data to plastic layer
• DVD
• Can store up to 4.7 GB of data
• Data is written to DVD using red laser light
• Can be single-layer or dual-layer
• Blu-ray
• Can store up to 25 GB of data
• Violet laser light is used
OPTICAL MEDIA
• All optical media is recordable and is known as CD-R, DVD-R, BD-R.
• Some can be rewritten (CD-RW, DVD-RW)
• Blu-ray can be written and erased and rewritten (BD-RE)
• The comparison of various lasers used to store on optical media.
FLASH MEDIA
• Flash media are more energy-efficient than HDD
• They are less likely to fail when they are moved around.
• They are suitable for use in portable devices.
MAGNETIC TAPE
• Magnetic tape was originally designed to record sound, but it is also use to store data.
COMPARING TYPES OF MEDIA
Hard disk Flash media Optical media Magnetic tape
Data Access Speed Fast Fastest Slow Slowest
Maximum capacity Up to 128GB Up to many TB CD 700 MB Up to 185 TB
DVD 18 GB
Blu-ray 50 GB
Cost per GB High Very high Medium Low
USE Servers, PC, Laptops, Mobile Multimedia(music, Whole system
Backups games, films), file backups and
backup archives
Portability Not suitable Yes Not suitable Not suitable
 UNITS OF STORAGE CAPACITY
Numbre of Bytes With Unit SYMBOL NAME
1000 1 KB Kilobyte
1,000,000 1 MB Megabyte
1,000,000,000 1 GB Gigabyte
1,000,000,000,000 1 TB Terabyte
1,000,000,000,000,000 1 PB Petabyte
1,000,000,000,000,000,000 1 EB Exabyte
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1 ZB Zettabyte
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1 YB Yottabyte