Polytechnic University Institute

'Santiago Marino77
Caracas Extension

Caracas, 04-28-2021
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Santiago Mariño Polytechnic University Institute
Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Maintenance School Period 2021-I
Computing
Professor: Eng. Deyanira Noguera
Student: Damiano Antonio Pantaleo Custode
CI: 10187863

Report on Information and Communication Technologies

Report on Information and Communication Technologies Chair: Computer Science

Content

'Santiago Marino77..................................................................................................................1
Report on Information and Communication Technologies..................................................1
Initial Considerations........................................................................................................3
Characteristics..................................................................................................................5
Possible evolution of ICTs...............................................................................................6
Classification of ICTs.......................................................................................................7
Implementation of ICTs....................................................................................................9
Advantages and disadvantages of ICTs..........................................................................11
A Global Information Society........................................................................................13
Competitive Strategies with ICT....................................................................................14
Are computers and ICTs helping humanity advance, or are they making humanity
dependent on machines?.................................................................................................15
Final Considerations.......................................................................................................19
Bibliographic References...............................................................................................20

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Initial Considerations

Information and communication technologies can be seen as a dynamic concept. For

example, in the late 19th century, the telephone could be considered a new technology by
today's definitions.

This same consideration could be applied to television when it first appeared and became
popular in the 1950s. However, these technologies would not be included in an ICT list
today, and it is quite possible that today, computers can no longer be classified as new
technologies.

However, in a broad sense, the telephone, television and computer can be considered part
of what is called ICT because they are technologies that promote communication and
communication.

Following the invention of writing, the first steps towards an information society were
marked by the electric telegraph, followed by the telephone and radiotelephony, television
and the Internet.

The Internet emerged as part of the network of advanced research project agencies,
created by the United States Department of Defense and intended to communicate the
different agencies of the country.

Later, emails, messaging services and web pages were created. In the mid-1990s, “at a
point when it was no longer a military project,” it was opened to the general population and
thus the so-called Internet emerged, gaining great popularity and surrounding everything we
know as Internet and communication technologies.

The combination of information technology and telecommunications in the last decade

of the 20th century benefited from the reduction of components, allowing the production of
“multifunctional” devices at affordable prices since 2000.

Cellular telephony and GPS have associated the image with text and the word "wireless."

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The Internet and television are accessible on the mobile phone, allowing the consumer to
produce multimedia content at the same time.

The purpose of conducting such research on computer science in daily life is to be able
to understand and help students and scholars involved in the subject.

This research work aims to be a reference so that in the not too distant future we can
delve deeper into it and thus acquire knowledge of the current enriched topic of ICT
management, which sometimes we do not even read and in which our idiosyncrasy as
human and technological beings is reflected.

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Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are the group of technologies that
allow the purchase, production, storage, processing, communication, registration and
presentation of information, in the form of voice, images and data contained in acoustic,
optical or electromagnetic1 signals. ICTs integrate electronics as a base technology that
supports the development of telecommunications, computing and audiovisuals.

Characteristics

I. Immateriality or Possibility of digitalization: ICTs convert information, traditionally

subject to a physical medium, into immaterial, through digitalization it is possible to
store large amounts of information, in small physical devices such as disks, CDs,
USB drives, etc., in turn users can access information located in distant electronic
devices, which is transmitted using communication networks, in a transparent and
immaterial way, This characteristic has come to define what has been called "virtual
reality", that is, non-real reality, through the use of ICTs groups of people are being
created that interact according to their own interests, forming virtual communities or
groups.
II. Instantaneousness: Information can be transmitted instantly to very remote locations.
physically distant, through the so-called “information highways”. Terms such as
cyberspace have been coined to define the virtual, non-real, space in which
information is located, as it does not assume the physical characteristics of the
object used for its storage, acquiring that degree of immediacy and immateriality.
III. Multimedia Applications: Multimedia applications or programs have been developed
as a user-friendly and simple communication interface, to facilitate access to ICTs
for all users. One of the most important characteristics of these environments is
“Interactivity”. It is possibly the most significant feature, unlike more classic
technologies such as

TV, radio, etc., which allow one-way interaction, from a transmitter to a mass of
passive viewers, the use of the computer interconnected through digital
communication networks, provides two-way communication (synchronous and
1 Training of technicians and researchers in information technologies. Ed. Fundesco. Madrid 1986

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asynchronous), person-person and person-group.

There is therefore a shift towards communication between people and groups that
interact according to their interests, forming what is called "virtual communities".
The ICT user is therefore an active subject, who sends his own messages and, most
importantly, makes decisions about the process to follow: sequence, rhythm, code,
etc.

Possible evolution of ICTs

^ Progressive increase in portable computing systems

^ Progressive diffusion of flat screens (TFT)
^ Implementation of wireless technologies: mouse, keyboard, printers, LAN networks
^ Omnipresence of Internet access.
^ Widespread use of broadband systems for Internet connections.
^ Third generation mobile telephony UMTS, with image and graphic connections to the
Internet.
^ Software supplies via the Internet (pay as you go, like electricity)
^ Multiplication of the activities that we will carry out from cyberspace: telebanking,
telemedicine.
= Generalization of the “digital2 whiteboard” in face-to-face classrooms.

Classification of ICTs

To establish the categorization of information and communication technologies we must

know their development bases, because as such there is no specific categorization, but rather
a growing development, for this we must understand both basic principles of development:

I. Computer science: Computer science is a science of automatic information, everything

related to data processing using conceptual hardware means as bases, one of the most
frequent examples are:
^ Databases
^ Spreadsheets
2 Technological system, generally consisting of a computer and a video projector, that allows digital content to
be projected in a format suitable for group viewing.

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^ Presentation programs
II. Telematics: It is the group of computer services provided through a
telecommunications network that enables communication between PCs and the
implementation of said computer services remotely. One of the most common
examples is:
^ Email
^ Audio conferences
^ Video conference
^ Web space

All of the above is predetermined in order to facilitate communication and obtaining

information on resources for human development, a development today is the change in
information and communication is the development of IP 3 technology, conventionally in our
own homes we use analog telephony, contractually several companies use Digital
Telephony, and from the origin of the Internet, telephony and control of IP information.

Internet communication and management technology is a technology that enables the

transmission of voice over IP networks as data packets, that is, the voice that enters the
receiving end is transformed by a program in the computer or transmitter equipment that is
transmitted over the Internet using the same protocol "it is an exchange of messages whose
function is to establish, maintain and manage a telephone connection" that is used, for
example, to transmit electronic correspondence or email. This protocol is called IP for its
acronym in English and is the language used by the huge number of computers and devices
connected to the network, which is why Internet telephony is called VoIP or Voice over
Internet, but it is a real system.

Its importance lies in that IP Telephony compared to traditional: it is quite cheap, that is,
this system reduces call prices by up to 74%, the cost of which depends on the market but
not on the connection time, as the so-called are used using a price network the reduction in
prices could be enormous, especially for companies with branches in various locations or
territories, due to the savings in long distance rates around the world and are made through

3 Internet Protocol

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IP networks, the main benefits of IP telephony are: savings in interconnection prices, there
is better management of changes and movements, greater ease in changing work locations,
better productivity of remote workers, that is, workers who are far from the organizations,
reductions in travel by systems support staff.

In terms of productivity optimization, providers believe that IP Telephony is a great

facilitator of teleworking; today, a person can be anywhere in the world and receive a call
on their IP line as if it were a local call. In territories such as Japan and the USA, many
continue to pay for their employees to have high-speed Internet access at home, using IP
Telephony applications, since in certain cases they are more efficient and save the costs
involved with offices.

Implementation of ICTs

For entities that remain interested in using any type of ICT, it is essential to consider
administrative and engineering tools in order to ensure a successful implementation.

For example, sometimes it will be essential to create IT development departments or

assign them to existing departments such as computer science, communications or R&D
areas, equally, a logical process is needed to use an ICT:

I. Planning: ICTs can be used simply to automate pre-existing processes, but it is most
likely that tasks will be at least rationalized to take advantage of the benefits of the
new modalities that technology creates, and in many cases processes need to be
substantially redesigned. Consequently, the impacts on organizational processes are
noticeable and can be quite profound.
Therefore, a complete study of the organization should be carried out, through a
diagnosis of the processes, giving priority to those that would be improved first. This
should be carried out by a group that has a full understanding of the trade, its
processes and needs.
Next, you should decide on the processes in order of priority and concatenation,
which technologies apply to each process, in addition to conceptualizing the scope of
action and the specific goals to be achieved. During this period, the prices, benefits

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and disadvantages of each ICT are also evaluated, in order to finally determine which
is the most correct. In addition, a schedule of activities for the plan is made,
determining times, resources and activities.
II. Execution: During this period, the processes of physical use of ICTs in the
organization will be carried out, taking into account the dates, personnel, occupations
and resources indicated by means of the schedule. Installation, training and service
tasks are carried out, as well as ensuring the functionality and sustainability of the
infrastructure, maintaining the relevant groups, data networks and groups in
proportion and quality in accordance with the organization's requirements. By
implementing new computer and communications technologies, the work patterns and
skills that employees need may be quite different from those previously available,
which is why training in computers and communications is essential.
III. Measuring the results achieved: It is often difficult to measure the productivity of ICT
investments, since the rapid development of this type of technology constantly makes
it impossible for an organization to fully recover the investment in new technologies,
which is why it is essential to invest in the next generation.
In practice, to establish the results of having this kind of infrastructure, one would
have to assume what would exist if it were not there, or rather, doing work in the old
style, but operating on the current planet. Often, these results will be visible through
indicators of customer satisfaction, process and resource improvement, portions
prepared, marketing levels and, most importantly, productivity.
IV. Constant improvement: In order for the use to be continuously adjusted to the needs of
the organization, the organization needs to consider a system that ensures the
conditions that allow guaranteeing the achievement of the proposed goals, through the
strengthening of the administration and use processes of the ICTs that are accurate to
have superior processes and results in the organization. Some of these activities may
include the maintenance, updating and evaluation of technological resources or the
ongoing research into new products and technological trends to be incorporated into
the processes.

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Advantages and disadvantages of ICTs

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), as well as other technological and

scientific innovation strategies, demonstrate a direct relationship with changes in a type of
procedure, culture, strategy, manufacturing. These changes imply that organizations and
people develop a series of steps that allow them to assimilate and adapt to these changes,
and then adopt and implement the new methods and strategies that this requires.

In this way, technological innovation and more specifically ICT, whose evolutionary
leaps day after day, forces everyone and the organization to evolve at the same pace,
painlessly, falling into the technological past.

In the task of accompanying together or trying to achieve these technologies, people and
organizations must constantly change their customs, policies, priorities, etc., to what extent
this will be beneficial, that is, as long as it does not violate their principles or violate those
behaviors regarding the integrity of each of their structures and their correct practices.

Advantages

From the learning point of view, ICTs promote continuous intellectual activity and
develop creativity and cooperative learning, in the same way, they improve the skills of
expression and creativity and carry out capacities of inquiry and selection of information, in
addition they are a channel of simple access to a lot of information of all kinds such as the
following:

I. For Students:
^ They often learn with less time.
^ Attractive.
^ Access to multiple educational resources and learning environments.
^ Personalization of teaching and learning processes.
^ Flexibility in studies.
^ Instruments for information processing.
^ Special Education Grants.
II. For Teachers:

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^ Source of educational resources for teaching, guidance and rehabilitation.

^ Facilities for grouping.
^ They free the teacher from repetitive work.
^ They facilitate evaluation and control.
^ Professional update.
^ They constitute a good means of didactic research in the classroom.

Organizationally, ICTs favor increased productivity and the introduction of new

technologies, which organizations can appropriate through exogenous processes, which
mobilizes the organization's skills.

Disadvantages

From a learning perspective, ICTs can generate distractions, dispersion, loss of time,
unreliable information, superficial learning and dependence on others as shown in the
following:

I. For the Student:

^ Addiction.
^ Isolation.
^ Eyestrain and other physical problems.
^ Feeling of being overwhelmed.
^ Reprehensible behavior.
II. For teachers:
^ Stress.
^ Development of minimum effort strategies.
^ Gap with respect to other activities.
^ Subordination to computer systems.

Organizationally, ICTs have the potential to become drivers of job decline, as jobs are
replaced by mostly efficient and economical technologies.
A Global Information Society

We live in an emerging global information society, and the global economy increasingly

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depends on the creation, management and distribution of information through global

networks such as the Internet.

Many companies are in the process of globalization, in other words, they are becoming
an interconnected global company, for example, the company is expanding its products and
services to the global market, using global production facilities to manufacture or assemble
products, raising funds in the global capital market, forming alliances with global partners
and competing with customers around the world for global competitors.

Without the Internet, Intranet and other global computing and telecommunications
networks that constitute the central nervous system of today's global enterprises, it is
impossible to manage and implement these strategic changes.

In many countries, people no longer live in an agricultural society made up primarily of

farmers, or even in an industrial society; in an industrial society, the bulk of the workforce is
made up of factory workers.

In contrast, in many countries and regions, the majority of the workforce is made up of
people engaged in service delivery tasks or knowledge workers, that is, they spend most of
their time communicating and collaborating in teams and work groups, and creating, using
and distributing information.

Competitive Strategies with ICT

In general, the use of information technology for globalization and business process
reengineering will lead to the development of information systems, these information
systems will help companies to gain a competitive advantage in the market and use them to
develop products, services, processes and capabilities, so that companies have sex
strategies; the relative advantage to the competitive preeminence that the company faces.

Cost strategies, for example, using computer-aided manufacturing systems to reduce

production costs or creating e-commerce websites to reduce marketing costs.

Differentiation strategies, such as the development and use of information technology to

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distinguish the company's products or services from those of competitors so that customers
view the products or services as having unique attributes or benefits.

For example, provide fast and comprehensive customer service through Internet
websites, or use target marketing systems to provide individual customers with products and
services that appeal to them.

Are computers and ICTs helping humanity advance, or are they

making humanity dependent on machines?

Today, large corporations are brutally fighting to control the content market and digital
TV, with the emergence of huge technological alliances, this has caused a wave of mergers
and acquisitions, which have had such a profound impact on the government and the rest of
society and threaten to manipulate the conscience of individuals.

As the field of “cyberspace” has become a new habitat for all kinds of harmful and evil
behavior; drug trafficking, child prostitution, neo-fascism and terrorist propaganda, theft,
constant attacks by so-called “hackers” or legal kidnapping constitute the “dark side”.

Side effects also include cross-cultural transformation and loss of identity, increasingly
brilliant and refined cruel propaganda and its dire consequences of depression, alienation
and egocentrism. Large companies have so-called content areas on the Internet.

In this way, the content, opinion-makers, policies and lifestyles of the exploited country
will be imposed on users for internal use in a very refined and “personalized” way.

More than a century ago, Frederick Engels put it: “We must not boast of all the victories
we have won over nature, but it is certain that as the initial results of this victory are
predicted, very different secondary consequences may arise, very different secondary
consequences which are completely unpredictable and which will rarely be cancelled out.”

The beneficial effects of science and technology depend primarily on the people who
control and develop human beings, so there must first be a social organization that ensures
that they can achieve real progress and prosperity.

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It has the ability to make the results of human activities obey the vital interests of the
whole society, instead of obeying the interests of voluntary and powerful groups.

Today this contrast manifests itself in the following ways:

^ 62% of telephone lines installed worldwide are concentrated in the 23 richest

countries, which represents less than 15% of the world's population.
^ 60% of the total population of underdeveloped countries lives in rural areas, however,
more than 80% of some telephone lines are located in urban areas.

In developed or dominant countries, the global distribution of new networks and services
has the following behaviour: 84% of mobile cellular service users in Africa, 91% of all fax
machines, 92% of Internet servers and more than in Africa and Thailand.

There are very few mobile phones. There are 1.466 billion households in the world, of
which only one third, 500 million, have telephone service, representing 34% of all
households in the world. The International Telecommunication Union itself has accepted
half of it today.

20% of the world's telephone lines and 90% of mobile phone subscribers are located in
the top 24 countries/regions. Ninety percent of satellite channels are used for north-north
communications, and the cost of calls from south to north is 5 to 10 times the opposite,
although only 2% of Latin Americans can access the Internet in the United States, the other
21% are functionally illiterate.

The new industrial revolution has once again widened the mythological gap between
exploited and exploiters, rich and poor; Third World psychologists and economists believe
that although this phenomenon has already begun, they have not yet begun to study the new
socio-economic impact of technology and communication technology. Reflected in the
1970s.

Even though it may be considered a utopia, the perspective shows that there is no other
option than to undertake comprehensive actions and policies in the sectors of
communication, education and culture to ensure development, identity and independence.

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The consequences of the so-called “computerization of society” have been evident for
more than a decade in the endemic and growing structural unemployment of industrialized
countries, the global expansion of large companies, unequal trade exchange, and
acceleration of financial transactions and actions.

In fact, all these technological changes are becoming one of the aggravating factors of
the unpayable external debt that is crushing underdeveloped countries.

Information technology will not eliminate social inequalities, class struggles or

ideological conflicts. On the contrary, due to its socio-economic impact in countries with
market structures, it will increase inequalities, force conflicts and encourage radical changes
and alternatives,

Automated telecommunications, advances in microelectronic technologies and, as a

result, computing, can be applied to any logical sequence or process, overturning traditional
systems, eroding acquired skills and synthesizing or eliminating functions.

In this regard, states and governments should consider reviewing their development
strategies, including the reorganization of educational systems and the reevaluation of goals
and objectives from primary to postgraduate level.

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Final Considerations

In a brief introduction to the perspective of change caused by the organization's

information system, the irreplaceable reasoning of transcendence is received when using it
to automate the operation process and its evolution to relevant information sources, these
information sources have the possibility of being used as a basis for the selection and
construction of individual and managerial developments.

In today's world, whether for an individual, company or organization, being able to

access information and communications technologies (ICT) is a fundamental requirement to
participate in a society that is increasingly dependent on technology.

Reasoning makes it possible to design, generate and export technologies, that is,
intellectual production in specific disciplinary areas in knowledge communities is aimed at
satisfying the specific needs of each territory.

To this end, one of the most effective paths is the adoption of information and
communications technologies. Given the loss of competitiveness that the territory is
experiencing and the way in which ICTs contribute to reversing this trend, it is a priority for
Mexico to propose a long-term perspective for the adoption of ICTs.

Information technology and ICTs are increasingly being used to support and automate
organizational activities, so it is essential to develop a suitable strategy to obtain greater
benefits from the use of information systems.

Advances in communication technology allow individuals to access information and

communicate in a comprehensive manner. If information and communication technology is
used for the peace of the entire human race, the advantages it brings to the human race are
indisputable.

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Bibliographic References

Social Documentation: Journal of Social Studies and Applied Technology, “Information

Technology, Computing, and Communication”, No. 108, July-September 1999,
pp. 199-200. 100-122.

Cohen Karen, Daniel, Management Information Systems, McGraw Hill. 2000.

Keen, Meter G. W. Shaping the future: Business Design through Information

Technology. Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press.1991

O'Brien, James. Foundations of Information Systems. McGraw Hill. 2000.

García, F.; Molina JM; Chamorro, “Management Computing and Information Systems”.
Ed. Tecno, 1999.

W. Stallings, Communications and Computer Networks, Ed. Pearson - Prentice Hall, 7th
Edition. 2004.

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